Characteristics of surge-type tributary glaciers, Karakoram

The Karakoram has a large concentration of surge-type glaciers, including 69 tributary compared to 152 main or trunk glaciers. paper addresses the interactions between and glaciers using digital elevation models (DEMs), surface displacement, field archival reports. In particular, it explores behavior impacts 13 glacier surges on three namely Hispar, Braldu Panmah. Observations include five surge tributaries Panmah, Braldu, Hispar. We observed ASTER DEMs can help in some cases detect signature where automated displacement does not surge. also substantial differences dimensions, timing histories their tributaries. East III surged 2000 2003, whereas IV from 2003 2006, but these periods, no other shows signature. Between 2013 2016, Glacier along with four out except West I. Volumes geometry ice transferred are unique each case, surging melted rapidly about 2 4 years for such as Little Skamri Drenmang. modified all studied dynamics, morphology, distribution debris hypsography. Drenmang blocked flow Nobande Sobonde 2004 2006. Such transfer by is referred here surge-modified ice. It introduces indirect post-surge effects complicates delay tracking responses climate change. Also, mass balance differ systematic direct non-surge-type Therefore, more research monitoring required address distinct individual better understand heterogeneity Karakoram.